Intro
UTIs are common, especially in women. Most are bladder infections (cystitis) with local symptoms; kidney infections (pyelonephritis) cause systemic illness and require prompt treatment.
Key Points
- Classic symptoms: burning, urgency, frequency; fever/flank pain suggests kidney involvement.
- Antibiotics are first-line for most symptomatic infections; choice depends on local resistance and patient factors.
- Red flags needing urgent care: fever, flank pain, vomiting, pregnancy, sepsis signs.
- Prevention: hydration, behavioral measures, topical estrogen after menopause (if appropriate).
Background
Enteric bacteria (commonly E. coli) ascend the urethra to the bladder; risk increases with sexual activity, pregnancy, obstruction, catheters, and post-menopause changes.
Causes or Mechanisms
Bacterial colonization and biofilm formation can promote recurrence. Structural or functional urinary tract problems increase risk.
Diagnosis / Treatment / Options
Diagnosis: symptoms + urine dipstick; urine culture for atypical, recurrent, pregnant, male, or complicated cases.
Treatment: short oral antibiotic courses for uncomplicated cystitis; longer courses/IV therapy for pyelonephritis; supportive care (fluids, analgesia). Consider addressing contributing factors (obstruction, catheter care).
Risks / Benefits / Prognosis
Most uncomplicated UTIs resolve quickly with treatment. Untreated or complicated infections can progress to kidney infection or sepsis.
FAQ
Q: Can cranberry help?
A: Evidence is mixed; some people find cranberry products reduce recurrences, but they are not a treatment for active infection.