Intro
Bacterial meningitis is an infection of the meninges (membranes covering the brain and spinal cord). It progresses rapidly and can be fatal if not treated immediately.
Key Points
- Emergency condition: needs immediate antibiotics and hospital care.
- Symptoms: fever, stiff neck, headache, confusion, rash.
- Spread through respiratory droplets and close contact.
- Complications: septicemia, hearing loss, brain damage, death.
- Prevention: vaccination and prophylaxis for close contacts.
Background
Viruses also cause meningitis, but bacterial forms are more severe. Common bacteria: Neisseria meningitidis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae.
Causes or Mechanisms
Bacteria invade meninges via bloodstream or direct spread (e.g., sinus/ear infections, trauma). Inflammation increases intracranial pressure and damages tissues.
Diagnosis / Treatment / Options
Diagnosis: urgent lumbar puncture with CSF analysis, blood cultures; imaging if indicated.
Treatment: IV broad-spectrum antibiotics immediately; steroids (e.g., dexamethasone); ICU support as needed. Prophylaxis for close contacts (rifampin, ciprofloxacin, or ceftriaxone for meningococcal cases).
Risks / Benefits / Prognosis
Mortality up to 10–15% despite treatment; survivors may have long-term effects (hearing loss, cognitive impairment). Early care improves outcomes.
FAQ
Q: Who should be vaccinated?
A: Children, adolescents, and high-risk adults — check local immunization schedules for meningococcal, pneumococcal, and Hib vaccines.