What is Bacterial Meningitis?

Bacterial meningitis is a life-threatening infection of the membranes covering the brain and spinal cord, requiring immediate antibiotics and hospital care.

Infectious Diseases

Bacterial Meningitis

2025-09-15

Intro

Bacterial meningitis is an infection of the meninges (membranes covering the brain and spinal cord). It progresses rapidly and can be fatal if not treated immediately.

Key Points

Emergency condition: needs immediate antibiotics and hospital care.
Symptoms: fever, stiff neck, headache, confusion, rash.
Spread through respiratory droplets and close contact.
Complications: septicemia, hearing loss, brain damage, death.
Prevention: vaccination and prophylaxis for close contacts.

Background

Viruses also cause meningitis, but bacterial forms are more severe. Common bacteria: Neisseria meningitidis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae.

Causes or Mechanisms

Bacteria invade meninges via bloodstream or direct spread (e.g., sinus/ear infections, trauma). Inflammation increases intracranial pressure and damages tissues.

Diagnosis / Treatment / Options

Diagnosis: urgent lumbar puncture with CSF analysis, blood cultures; imaging if indicated.
Treatment: IV broad-spectrum antibiotics immediately; steroids (e.g., dexamethasone); ICU support as needed. Prophylaxis for close contacts (rifampin, ciprofloxacin, or ceftriaxone for meningococcal cases).

Risks / Benefits / Prognosis

Mortality up to 10–15% despite treatment; survivors may have long-term effects (hearing loss, cognitive impairment). Early care improves outcomes.

FAQ

Q: Who should be vaccinated?
A: Children, adolescents, and high-risk adults — check local immunization schedules for meningococcal, pneumococcal, and Hib vaccines.